<- RFC Index (8001..8100)
RFC 8018
Obsoletes RFC 2898
Updated by RFC 9579
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) K. Moriarty, Ed.
Request for Comments: 8018 Dell EMC
Obsoletes: 2898 B. Kaliski
Category: Informational Verisign
ISSN: 2070-1721 A. Rusch
RSA
January 2017
PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification
Version 2.1
Abstract
This document provides recommendations for the implementation of
password-based cryptography, covering key derivation functions,
encryption schemes, message authentication schemes, and ASN.1 syntax
identifying the techniques.
This document represents a republication of PKCS #5 v2.1 from RSA
Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) series. By
publishing this RFC, change control is transferred to the IETF.
This document also obsoletes RFC 2898.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8018.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 2]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Salt and Iteration Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Iteration Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Key Derivation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1. PBKDF1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2. PBKDF2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Encryption Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1. PBES1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1.1. PBES1 Encryption Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1.2. PBES1 Decryption Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2. PBES2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2.1. PBES2 Encryption Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2.2. PBES2 Decryption Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. Message Authentication Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.1. PBMAC1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.1.1. PBMAC1 Generation Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.1.2. PBMAC1 Verification Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix A. ASN.1 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A.1. PBKDF1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A.2. PBKDF2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A.3. PBES1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
A.4. PBES2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
A.5. PBMAC1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix B. Supporting Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B.1. Pseudorandom Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
B.1.1. HMAC-SHA-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
B.1.2. HMAC-SHA-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B.2. Encryption Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B.2.1. DES-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B.2.2. DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B.2.3. RC2-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B.2.4. RC5-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
B.2.5. AES-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
B.3. Message Authentication Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
B.3.1. HMAC-SHA-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
B.3.2. HMAC-SHA-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Appendix C. ASN.1 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendix D. Revision History of PKCS #5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Appendix E. About PKCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 3]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
1. Introduction
This document provides recommendations for the implementation of
password-based cryptography, covering the following aspects:
- key derivation functions
- encryption schemes
- message authentication schemes
- ASN.1 syntax identifying the techniques
The recommendations are intended for general application within
computer and communications systems and, as such, include a fair
amount of flexibility. They are particularly intended for the
protection of sensitive information such as private keys as in
PKCS #8 [PKCS8] [RFC5958]. It is expected that application standards
and implementation profiles based on these specifications may include
additional constraints.
Other cryptographic techniques based on passwords, such as password-
based key entity authentication and key establishment protocols
[BELLOV] [JABLON] [WU] are outside the scope of this document.
Guidelines for the selection of passwords are also outside the scope.
This document supersedes PKCS #5 version 2.0 [RFC2898] but includes
compatible techniques.
This document represents a republication of PKCS #5 v2.1 [PKCS5_21]
from RSA Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)
series.
2. Notation
C ciphertext, an octet string
c iteration count, a positive integer
DK derived key, an octet string
dkLen length in octets of derived key, a positive integer
EM encoded message, an octet string
Hash underlying hash function
hLen length in octets of pseudorandom function output, a positive
integer
l length in blocks of derived key, a positive integer
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 4]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
IV initialization vector, an octet string
K encryption key, an octet string
KDF key derivation function
M message, an octet string
P password, an octet string
PRF underlying pseudorandom function
PS padding string, an octet string
psLen length in octets of padding string, a positive integer
S salt, an octet string
T message authentication code, an octet string
T_1, ..., T_l, U_1, ..., U_c
intermediate values, octet strings
01, 02, ..., 08
octets with value 1, 2, ..., 8
\xor bit-wise exclusive-or of two octet strings
|| || octet length operator
|| concatenation operator
<i..j> substring extraction operator: extracts octets i through j,
0 <= i <= j
3. Overview
In many applications of public-key cryptography, user security is
ultimately dependent on one or more secret text values or passwords.
Since a password is not directly applicable as a key to any
conventional cryptosystem, however, some processing of the password
is required to perform cryptographic operations with it. Moreover,
as passwords are often chosen from a relatively small space, special
care is required in that processing to defend against search attacks.
A general approach to password-based cryptography, as described by
Morris and Thompson [MORRIS] for the protection of password tables,
is to combine a password with a salt to produce a key. The salt can
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 5]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
be viewed as an index into a large set of keys derived from the
password and need not be kept secret. Although it may be possible
for an opponent to construct a table of possible passwords (a so-
called "dictionary attack"), constructing a table of possible keys
will be difficult, since there will be many possible keys for each
password. An opponent will thus be limited to searching through
passwords separately for each salt.
Another approach to password-based cryptography is to construct key
derivation techniques that are relatively expensive, thereby
increasing the cost of exhaustive search. One way to do this is to
include an iteration count in the key derivation technique,
indicating how many times to iterate some underlying function by
which keys are derived. A modest number of iterations (say, 1000) is
not likely to be a burden for legitimate parties when computing a
key, but will be a significant burden for opponents.
Salt and iteration count formed the basis for password-based
encryption in PKCS #5 v2.0, and are adopted here as well for the
various cryptographic operations. Thus, password-based key
derivation as defined here is a function of a password, a salt, and
an iteration count, where the latter two quantities need not be kept
secret.
From a password-based key derivation function, it is straightforward
to define password-based encryption and message authentication
schemes. As in PKCS #5 v2.0, the password-based encryption schemes
here are based on an underlying, conventional encryption scheme,
where the key for the conventional scheme is derived from the
password. Similarly, the password-based message authentication
scheme is based on an underlying conventional scheme. This
two-layered approach makes the password-based techniques modular in
terms of the underlying techniques they can be based on.
It is expected that the password-based key derivation functions may
find other applications than just the encryption and message
authentication schemes defined here. For instance, one might derive
a set of keys with a single application of a key derivation function,
rather than derive each key with a separate application of the
function. The keys in the set would be obtained as substrings of the
output of the key derivation function. This approach might be
employed as part of key establishment in a session-oriented protocol.
Another application is password checking, where the output of the key
derivation function is stored (along with the salt and iteration
count) for the purposes of subsequent verification of a password.
Throughout this document, a password is considered to be an octet
string of arbitrary length whose interpretation as a text string is
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 6]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
unspecified. In the interest of interoperability, however, it is
recommended that applications follow some common text encoding rules.
ASCII and UTF-8 [RFC3629] are two possibilities. (ASCII is a subset
of UTF-8.)
Although the selection of passwords is outside the scope of this
document, guidelines have been published [NISTSP63] that may well be
taken into account.
4. Salt and Iteration Count
Inasmuch as salt and iteration count are central to the techniques
defined in this document, some further discussion is warranted.
4.1. Salt
A salt in password-based cryptography has traditionally served the
purpose of producing a large set of keys corresponding to a given
password, one of which is selected at random according to the salt.
An individual key in the set is selected by applying a key derivation
function KDF, as
DK = KDF (P, S)
where DK is the derived key, P is the password, and S is the salt.
This has two benefits:
1. It is difficult for an opponent to precompute all the keys, or
even the most likely keys, corresponding to a dictionary of
passwords. If the salt is 64 bits long, for instance, there
will be as many as 2^64 keys for each password. An opponent
is thus limited to searching for passwords after a password-
based operation has been performed and the salt is known.
2. It is unlikely that the same key will be selected twice.
Again, if the salt is 64 bits long, the chance of "collision"
between keys does not become significant until about 2^32 keys
have been produced, according to the Birthday Paradox. The
fact that collisions are unlikely addresses some concerns
about interactions between multiple uses of the same key that
may arise when using some encryption and authentication
techniques.
In password-based encryption, the party encrypting a message can gain
assurance that these benefits are realized simply by selecting a
large and sufficiently random salt when deriving an encryption key
from a password. A party generating a message authentication code
can gain such assurance in a similar fashion.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 7]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
The party decrypting a message or verifying a message authentication
code, however, cannot be sure that a salt supplied by another party
has actually been generated at random. It is possible, for instance,
that the salt may have been copied from another password-based
operation in an attempt to exploit interactions between multiple uses
of the same key. For instance, suppose two legitimate parties
exchange an encrypted message, where the encryption key is an 80-bit
key derived from a shared password with some salt. An opponent could
take the salt from that encryption and provide it to one of the
parties as though it were for a 40-bit key. If the party reveals the
result of decryption with the 40-bit key, the opponent may be able to
solve for the 40-bit key. In the case that 40-bit key is the first
half of the 80-bit key, the opponent can then readily solve for the
remaining 40 bits of the 80-bit key.
To defend against such attacks, either the interaction between
multiple uses of the same key should be carefully analyzed, or the
salt should contain data that explicitly distinguishes between
different operations. For instance, the salt might have an
additional, non-random octet that specifies whether the derived key
is for encryption, for message authentication, or for some other
operation.
Based on this, the following is recommended for salt selection:
1. If there is no concern about interactions between multiple
uses of the same key (or a prefix of that key) with the
password-based encryption and authentication techniques
supported for a given password, then the salt may be generated
at random and need not be checked for a particular format by
the party receiving the salt. It should be at least eight
octets (64 bits) long.
2. Otherwise, the salt should contain data that explicitly
distinguishes between different operations and different key
lengths, in addition to a random part that is at least eight
octets long, and this data should be checked or regenerated by
the party receiving the salt. For instance, the salt could
have an additional non-random octet that specifies the purpose
of the derived key. Alternatively, it could be the encoding
of a structure that specifies detailed information about the
derived key, such as the encryption or authentication
technique and a sequence number among the different keys
derived from the password. The particular format of the
additional data is left to the application.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 8]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Note: If a random number generator or pseudorandom generator is not
available, a deterministic alternative for generating the salt (or
the random part of it) is to apply a password-based key derivation
function to the password and the message M to be processed. For
instance, the salt could be computed with a key derivation function
as S = KDF (P, M). This approach is not recommended if the message M
is known to belong to a small message space (e.g., "Yes" or "No"),
however, since then there will only be a small number of possible
salts.
4.2. Iteration Count
An iteration count has traditionally served the purpose of increasing
the cost of producing keys from a password, thereby also increasing
the difficulty of attack. Mathematically, an iteration count of c
will increase the security strength of a password by log2(c) bits
against trial-based attacks like brute force or dictionary attacks.
Choosing a reasonable value for the iteration count depends on
environment and circumstances, and varies from application to
application. This document follows the recommendations made in FIPS
Special Publication 800-132 [NISTSP132], which says
The iteration count shall be selected as large as possible, as
long as the time required to generate the key using the entered
password is acceptable for the users. [...] A minimum iteration
count of 1,000 is recommended. For especially critical keys, or
for very powerful systems or systems where user-perceived
performance is not critical, an iteration count of 10,000,000 may
be appropriate.
5. Key Derivation Functions
A key derivation function produces a derived key from a base key and
other parameters. In a password-based key derivation function, the
base key is a password, and the other parameters are a salt value and
an iteration count, as outlined in Section 3.
The primary application of the password-based key derivation
functions defined here is in the encryption schemes in Section 6 and
the message authentication scheme in Section 7. Other applications
are certainly possible, hence the independent definition of these
functions.
Two functions are specified in this section: PBKDF1 and PBKDF2.
PBKDF2 is recommended for new applications; PBKDF1 is included only
for compatibility with existing applications and is not recommended
for new applications.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 9]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
A typical application of the key derivation functions defined here
might include the following steps:
1. Select a salt S and an iteration count c, as outlined in
Section 4.
2. Select a length in octets for the derived key, dkLen.
3. Apply the key derivation function to the password, the salt,
the iteration count and the key length to produce a derived
key.
4. Output the derived key.
Any number of keys may be derived from a password by varying the
salt, as described in Section 3.
5.1. PBKDF1
PBKDF1 applies a hash function, which shall be MD2 [RFC1319], MD5
[RFC1321], or SHA-1 [NIST180], to derive keys. The length of the
derived key is bounded by the length of the hash function output,
which is 16 octets for MD2 and MD5 and 20 octets for SHA-1. PBKDF1
is compatible with the key derivation process in PKCS #5 v1.5
[PKCS5_15].
PBKDF1 is recommended only for compatibility with existing
applications since the keys it produces may not be large enough for
some applications.
PBKDF1 (P, S, c, dkLen)
Options: Hash underlying hash function
Input: P password, an octet string
S salt, an octet string
c iteration count, a positive integer
dkLen intended length in octets of derived key,
a positive integer, at most 16 for MD2 or
MD5 and 20 for SHA-1
Output: DK derived key, a dkLen-octet string
Steps:
1. If dkLen > 16 for MD2 and MD5, or dkLen > 20 for SHA-1, output
"derived key too long" and stop.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 10]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
2. Apply the underlying hash function Hash for c iterations to
the concatenation of the password P and the salt S, then
extract the first dkLen octets to produce a derived key DK:
T_1 = Hash (P || S) ,
T_2 = Hash (T_1) ,
...
T_c = Hash (T_{c-1}) ,
DK = T_c<0..dkLen-1>
3. Output the derived key DK.
5.2. PBKDF2
PBKDF2 applies a pseudorandom function (see Appendix B.1 for an
example) to derive keys. The length of the derived key is
essentially unbounded. (However, the maximum effective search space
for the derived key may be limited by the structure of the underlying
pseudorandom function. See Appendix B.1 for further discussion.)
PBKDF2 is recommended for new applications.
PBKDF2 (P, S, c, dkLen)
Options: PRF underlying pseudorandom function (hLen
denotes the length in octets of the
pseudorandom function output)
Input: P password, an octet string
S salt, an octet string
c iteration count, a positive integer
dkLen intended length in octets of the derived
key, a positive integer, at most
(2^32 - 1) * hLen
Output: DK derived key, a dkLen-octet string
Steps:
1. If dkLen > (2^32 - 1) * hLen, output "derived key too long"
and stop.
2. Let l be the number of hLen-octet blocks in the derived key,
rounding up, and let r be the number of octets in the last
block:
l = CEIL (dkLen / hLen)
r = dkLen - (l - 1) * hLen
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 11]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Here, CEIL (x) is the "ceiling" function, i.e., the smallest
integer greater than, or equal to, x.
3. For each block of the derived key apply the function F defined
below to the password P, the salt S, the iteration count c,
and the block index to compute the block:
T_1 = F (P, S, c, 1) ,
T_2 = F (P, S, c, 2) ,
...
T_l = F (P, S, c, l) ,
where the function F is defined as the exclusive-or sum of the
first c iterates of the underlying pseudorandom function PRF
applied to the password P and the concatenation of the salt S
and the block index i:
F (P, S, c, i) = U_1 \xor U_2 \xor ... \xor U_c
where
U_1 = PRF (P, S || INT (i)) ,
U_2 = PRF (P, U_1) ,
...
U_c = PRF (P, U_{c-1}) .
Here, INT (i) is a four-octet encoding of the integer i, most
significant octet first.
4. Concatenate the blocks and extract the first dkLen octets to
produce a derived key DK:
DK = T_1 || T_2 || ... || T_l<0..r-1>
5. Output the derived key DK.
Note: The construction of the function F follows a "belt-and-
suspenders" approach. The iterates U_i are computed recursively to
remove a degree of parallelism from an opponent; they are exclusive-
ored together to reduce concerns about the recursion degenerating
into a small set of values.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 12]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
6. Encryption Schemes
An encryption scheme, in the symmetric setting, consists of an
encryption operation and a decryption operation, where the encryption
operation produces a ciphertext from a message under a key, and the
decryption operation recovers the message from the ciphertext under
the same key. In a password-based encryption scheme, the key is a
password.
A typical application of a password-based encryption scheme is a
private-key protection method, where the message contains private-key
information, as in PKCS #8. The encryption schemes defined here
would be suitable encryption algorithms in that context.
Two schemes are specified in this section: PBES1 and PBES2. PBES2 is
recommended for new applications; PBES1 is included only for
compatibility with existing applications and is not recommended for
new applications.
6.1. PBES1
PBES1 combines the PBKDF1 function (Section 5.1) with an underlying
block cipher, which shall be either DES [NIST46] or RC2 [RFC2268] in
cipher block chaining (CBC) mode [NIST81]. PBES1 is compatible with
the encryption scheme in PKCS #5 v1.5 [PKCS5_15].
PBES1 is recommended only for compatibility with existing
applications, since it supports only two underlying encryption
schemes, each of which has a key size (56 or 64 bits) that may not be
large enough for some applications.
6.1.1. PBES1 Encryption Operation
The encryption operation for PBES1 consists of the following steps,
which encrypt a message M under a password P to produce a ciphertext
C:
1. Select an eight-octet salt S and an iteration count c, as
outlined in Section 4.
2. Apply the PBKDF1 key derivation function (Section 5.1) to the
password P, the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a
derived key DK of length 16 octets:
DK = PBKDF1 (P, S, c, 16)
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 13]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
3. Separate the derived key DK into an encryption key K
consisting of the first eight octets of DK and an
initialization vector IV consisting of the next eight octets:
K = DK<0..7>
IV = DK<8..15>
4. Concatenate M and a padding string PS to form an encoded
message EM:
EM = M || PS
where the padding string PS consists of 8-(||M|| mod 8) octets
each with value 8-(||M|| mod 8). The padding string PS will
satisfy one of the following statements:
PS = 01, if ||M|| mod 8 = 7 ;
PS = 02 02, if ||M|| mod 8 = 6 ;
...
PS = 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08, if ||M|| mod 8 = 0.
The length in octets of the encoded message will be a multiple
of eight, and it will be possible to recover the message M
unambiguously from the encoded message. (This padding rule is
taken from RFC 1423 [RFC1423].)
5. Encrypt the encoded message EM with the underlying block
cipher (DES or RC2) in CBC mode under the encryption key K
with initialization vector IV to produce the ciphertext C.
For DES, the key K shall be considered as a 64-bit encoding of
a 56-bit DES key with parity bits ignored (see [NIST46]). For
RC2, the "effective key bits" shall be 64 bits.
6. Output the ciphertext C.
The salt S and the iteration count c may be conveyed to the party
performing decryption in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix
A.3).
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 14]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
6.1.2. PBES1 Decryption Operation
The decryption operation for PBES1 consists of the following steps,
which decrypt a ciphertext C under a password P to recover a message
M:
1. Obtain the eight-octet salt S and the iteration count c.
2. Apply the PBKDF1 key derivation function (Section 5.1) to the
password P, the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a
derived key DK of length 16 octets:
DK = PBKDF1 (P, S, c, 16)
3. Separate the derived key DK into an encryption key K
consisting of the first eight octets of DK and an
initialization vector IV consisting of the next eight octets:
K = DK<0..7>
IV = DK<8..15>
4. Decrypt the ciphertext C with the underlying block cipher (DES
or RC2) in CBC mode under the encryption key K with
initialization vector IV to recover an encoded message EM. If
the length in octets of the ciphertext C is not a multiple of
eight, output "decryption error" and stop.
5. Separate the encoded message EM into a message M and a padding
string PS:
EM = M || PS
where the padding string PS consists of some number psLen
octets each with value psLen, where psLen is between 1 and 8.
If it is not possible to separate the encoded message EM in
this manner, output "decryption error" and stop.
6. Output the recovered message M.
6.2. PBES2
PBES2 combines a password-based key derivation function, which shall
be PBKDF2 (Section 5.2) for this version of PKCS #5, with an
underlying encryption scheme (see Appendix B.2 for examples). The
key length and any other parameters for the underlying encryption
scheme depend on the scheme.
PBES2 is recommended for new applications.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 15]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
6.2.1. PBES2 Encryption Operation
The encryption operation for PBES2 consists of the following steps,
which encrypt a message M under a password P to produce a ciphertext
C, applying a selected key derivation function KDF and a selected
underlying encryption scheme:
1. Select a salt S and an iteration count c, as outlined in
Section 4.
2. Select the length in octets, dkLen, for the derived key for
the underlying encryption scheme.
3. Apply the selected key derivation function to the password P,
the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a derived key
DK of length dkLen octets:
DK = KDF (P, S, c, dkLen)
4. Encrypt the message M with the underlying encryption scheme
under the derived key DK to produce a ciphertext C. (This
step may involve selection of parameters such as an
initialization vector and padding, depending on the underlying
scheme.)
5. Output the ciphertext C.
The salt S, the iteration count c, the key length dkLen, and
identifiers for the key derivation function and the underlying
encryption scheme may be conveyed to the party performing decryption
in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.4).
6.2.2. PBES2 Decryption Operation
The decryption operation for PBES2 consists of the following steps,
which decrypt a ciphertext C under a password P to recover a message
M:
1. Obtain the salt S for the operation.
2. Obtain the iteration count c for the key derivation function.
3. Obtain the key length in octets, dkLen, for the derived key
for the underlying encryption scheme.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 16]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
4. Apply the selected key derivation function to the password P,
the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a derived key
DK of length dkLen octets:
DK = KDF (P, S, c, dkLen)
5. Decrypt the ciphertext C with the underlying encryption scheme
under the derived key DK to recover a message M. If the
decryption function outputs "decryption error", then output
"decryption error" and stop.
6. Output the recovered message M.
7. Message Authentication Schemes
A message authentication scheme consists of a MAC (Message
Authentication Code) generation operation and a MAC verification
operation, where the MAC generation operation produces a MAC from a
message under a key, and the MAC verification operation verifies the
message authentication code under the same key. In a password-based
message authentication scheme, the key is a password.
One scheme is specified in this section: PBMAC1.
7.1. PBMAC1
PBMAC1 combines a password-based key derivation function, which shall
be PBKDF2 (Section 5.2) for this version of PKCS #5, with an
underlying message authentication scheme (see Appendix B.3 for an
example). The key length and any other parameters for the underlying
message authentication scheme depend on the scheme.
7.1.1. PBMAC1 Generation Operation
The MAC generation operation for PBMAC1 consists of the following
steps, which process a message M under a password P to generate a
message authentication code T, applying a selected key derivation
function KDF and a selected underlying message authentication scheme:
1. Select a salt S and an iteration count c, as outlined in
Section 4.
2. Select a key length in octets, dkLen, for the derived key for
the underlying message authentication function.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 17]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
3. Apply the selected key derivation function to the password P,
the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a derived key
DK of length dkLen octets:
DK = KDF (P, S, c, dkLen)
4. Process the message M with the underlying message
authentication scheme under the derived key DK to generate a
message authentication code T.
5. Output the message authentication code T.
The salt S, the iteration count c, the key length dkLen, and
identifiers for the key derivation function and underlying message
authentication scheme may be conveyed to the party performing
verification in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.5).
7.1.2. PBMAC1 Verification Operation
The MAC verification operation for PBMAC1 consists of the following
steps, which process a message M under a password P to verify a
message authentication code T:
1. Obtain the salt S and the iteration count c.
2. Obtain the key length in octets, dkLen, for the derived key
for the underlying message authentication scheme.
3. Apply the selected key derivation function to the password P,
the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a derived key
DK of length dkLen octets:
DK = KDF (P, S, c, dkLen)
4. Process the message M with the underlying message
authentication scheme under the derived key DK to verify the
message authentication code T.
5. If the message authentication code verifies, output "correct";
else output "incorrect".
8. Security Considerations
Password-based cryptography is generally limited in the security that
it can provide, particularly for methods such as those defined in
this document where offline password search is possible. While the
use of salt and iteration count can increase the complexity of attack
(see Section 4 for recommendations), it is essential that passwords
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 18]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
are selected well, and relevant guidelines (e.g., [NISTSP63]) should
be taken into account. It is also important that passwords be
protected well if stored.
In general, different keys should be derived from a password for
different uses to minimize the possibility of unintended
interactions. For password-based encryption with a single algorithm,
a random salt is sufficient to ensure that different keys will be
produced. In certain other situations, as outlined in Section 4, a
structured salt is necessary. The recommendations in Section 4
should thus be taken into account when selecting the salt value.
For information on security considerations for MD2 [RFC1319], see
[RFC6149]; for MD5 [RFC1321], see [RFC6151]; and for SHA-1 [NIST180],
see [RFC6194].
9. Normative References
[ANSIX952] ANSI, "Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of
Operation", Accredited Standards Committee X9, X9.52-1998,
July 1998.
[BELLOV] Bellovin, S. and M. Merritt, "Encrypted Key Exchange:
Password-based Protocols Secure against Dictionary
Attacks", Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research in
Security and Privacy, pages 72-84, IEEE Computer Society,
DOI 10.1109/RISP.1992.213269, 1992.
[COCHRAN] Cochran, M., "Notes on the Wang et al. 2^63 SHA-1
Differential Path", Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report
2007/474, August 2008, <http://eprint.iacr.org/2007/474>.
[ISO8824-1]
International Organization for Standardization,
"Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
(ASN.1) - Specification of basic notation", ISO/IEC
8824-1:2008, 2008.
[ISO8824-2]
International Organization for Standardization,
"Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
(ASN.1) - Information object specification", ISO/IEC
8824-2:2008, 2008.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 19]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
[ISO8824-3]
International Organization for Standardization,
"Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
(ASN.1) - Constraint specification", ISO/IEC 8824-3:2008,
2008.
[ISO8824-4]
International Organization for Standardization,
"Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
(ASN.1) - Parameterization of ASN.1 specifications",
ISO/IEC 8824-4:2008, 2008.
[JABLON] Jablon, D., "Strong Password-Only Authenticated Key
Exchange", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,
Volume 26, Issue 5, DOI 10.1145/242896.242897, October
1996.
[MORRIS] Morris, R. and K. Thompson, "Password security: A case
history", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 22, Issue 11,
pages 594-597, DOI 10.1145/359168.359172, November 1979.
[NIST46] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
"Data Encryption Standard", FIPS PUB 46-3, October 1999.
[NIST81] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
"DES Modes of Operation", FIPS PUB 81, December 2, 1980.
[NIST180] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS PUB 180-4,
DOI 10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4, August 2015.
[NIST197] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
"Advance Encryption Standard (AES)", FIPS PUB 197,
November 2001.
[NIST198] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
"The Keyed - Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)",
FIPS PUB 198-1, July 2008.
[NISTSP63] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
"Electronic Authentication Guideline", NIST Special
Publication 800-63-2, DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-2, August
2013.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 20]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
[NISTSP132]
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
"Recommendation for Password-Based Key Derivation, Part 1:
Storage Applications", NIST Special Publication 800-132,
DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-132, December 2010.
[PKCS5_15] RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #5: Password-Based Encryption
Standard Version 1.5", November 1993.
[PKCS5_21] RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #5: Password-Based Encryption
Standard Version 2.1", October 2012.
[PKCS8] Kaliski, B., "Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #8:
Private-Key Information Syntax Specification Version 1.2",
RFC 5208, DOI 10.17487/RFC5208, May 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5208>.
[RC5] Rivest, R.L., "The RC5 encryption algorithm", In
Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Fast
Software Encryption, pages 86-96, Springer-Verlag,
DOI 10.1007/3-540-60590-8_7, 1994.
[RFC1319] Kaliski, B., "The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1319,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1319, April 1992,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1319>.
[RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1321, April 1992,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1321>.
[RFC1423] Balenson, D., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic
Mail: Part III: Algorithms, Modes, and Identifiers",
RFC 1423, DOI 10.17487/RFC1423, February 1993,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1423>.
[RFC2040] Baldwin, R. and R. Rivest, "The RC5, RC5-CBC, RC5-CBC-Pad,
and RC5-CTS Algorithms", RFC 2040, DOI 10.17487/RFC2040,
October 1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2040>.
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.
[RFC2268] Rivest, R., "A Description of the RC2(r) Encryption
Algorithm", RFC 2268, DOI 10.17487/RFC2268, March 1998,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2268>.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 21]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
[RFC2898] Kaliski, B., "PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography
Specification Version 2.0", RFC 2898,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2898, September 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2898>.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.
[RFC5958] Turner, S., "Asymmetric Key Packages", RFC 5958,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5958, August 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5958>.
[RFC6149] Turner, S. and L. Chen, "MD2 to Historic Status",
RFC 6149, DOI 10.17487/RFC6149, March 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6149>.
[RFC6151] Turner, S. and L. Chen, "Updated Security Considerations
for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms",
RFC 6151, DOI 10.17487/RFC6151, March 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6151>.
[RFC6194] Polk, T., Chen, L., Turner, S., and P. Hoffman, "Security
Considerations for the SHA-0 and SHA-1 Message-Digest
Algorithms", RFC 6194, DOI 10.17487/RFC6194, March 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6194>.
[WANG] Wang, X., Yao, A.C., and F. Yao, "Cryptanalysis on SHA-1",
presented by Adi Shamir at the rump session of CRYPTO
2005, <http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/documents/
Wang_SHA1-New-Result.pdf>.
[WU] Wu, T., "The Secure Remote Password protocol", In
Proceedings of the 1998 Internet Society Network and
Distributed System Security Symposium, pages 97-111,
Internet Society, 1998,
<https://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/ndss/98/wu.pdf>.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 22]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Appendix A. ASN.1 Syntax
This section defines ASN.1 syntax for the key derivation functions,
the encryption schemes, the message authentication scheme, and
supporting techniques. The intended application of these definitions
includes PKCS #8 and other syntax for key management, encrypted data,
and integrity-protected data. (Various aspects of ASN.1 are
specified in several ISO/IEC standards [ISO8824-1] [ISO8824-2]
[ISO8824-3] [ISO8824-4].)
The object identifier pkcs-5 identifies the arc of the OID tree from
which the OIDs (specific to PKCS #5) in this section are derived:
rsadsi OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) 113549}
pkcs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 1}
pkcs-5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs 5}
A.1. PBKDF1
No object identifier is given for PBKDF1, as the object identifiers
for PBES1 are sufficient for existing applications, and PBKDF2 is
recommended for new applications.
A.2. PBKDF2
The object identifier id-PBKDF2 identifies the PBKDF2 key derivation
function (Section 5.2).
id-PBKDF2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 12}
The parameters field associated with this OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type PBKDF2-params:
PBKDF2-params ::= SEQUENCE {
salt CHOICE {
specified OCTET STRING,
otherSource AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-SaltSources}}
},
iterationCount INTEGER (1..MAX),
keyLength INTEGER (1..MAX) OPTIONAL,
prf AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-PRFs}} DEFAULT
algid-hmacWithSHA1 }
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 23]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
The fields of type PBKDF2-params have the following meanings:
- salt specifies the salt value or the source of the salt value.
It shall either be an octet string or an algorithm ID with an
OID in the set PBKDF2-SaltSources, which is reserved for future
versions of PKCS #5.
The salt-source approach is intended to indicate how the salt
value is to be generated as a function of parameters in the
algorithm ID, application data, or both. For instance, it may
indicate that the salt value is produced from the encoding of a
structure that specifies detailed information about the derived
key as suggested in Section 4.1. Some of the information may
be carried elsewhere, e.g., in the encryption algorithm ID.
However, such facilities are deferred to a future version of
PKCS #5.
In this version, an application may achieve the benefits
mentioned in Section 4.1 by choosing a particular
interpretation of the salt value in the specified alternative.
PBKDF2-SaltSources ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }
- iterationCount specifies the iteration count. The maximum
iteration count allowed depends on the implementation. It is
expected that implementation profiles may further constrain the
bounds.
- keyLength, an optional field, is the length in octets of the
derived key. The maximum key length allowed depends on the
implementation; it is expected that implementation profiles may
further constrain the bounds. The field is provided for
convenience only; the key length is not cryptographically
protected. If there is concern about interaction between
operations with different key lengths for a given salt (see
Section 4.1), the salt should distinguish among the different
key lengths.
- prf identifies the underlying pseudorandom function. It shall
be an algorithm ID with an OID in the set PBKDF2-PRFs, which
for this version of PKCS #5 shall consist of id-hmacWithSHA1
(see Appendix B.1.1) and any other OIDs defined by the
application.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 24]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
PBKDF2-PRFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA1},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA224},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA256},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA384},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512-224},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512-256},
...
}
The default pseudorandom function is HMAC-SHA-1:
algid-hmacWithSHA1 AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-PRFs}} ::=
{algorithm id-hmacWithSHA1, parameters NULL : NULL}
A.3. PBES1
Different object identifiers identify the PBES1 encryption scheme
(Section 6.1) according to the underlying hash function in the key
derivation function and the underlying block cipher, as summarized in
the following table:
Hash Function Block Cipher OID
MD2 DES pkcs-5.1
MD2 RC2 pkcs-5.4
MD5 DES pkcs-5.3
MD5 RC2 pkcs-5.6
SHA-1 DES pkcs-5.10
SHA-1 RC2 pkcs-5.11
pbeWithMD2AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 1}
pbeWithMD2AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 4}
pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 3}
pbeWithMD5AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 6}
pbeWithSHA1AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 10}
pbeWithSHA1AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 11}
For each OID, the parameters field associated with the OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type PBEParameter:
PBEParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
salt OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
iterationCount INTEGER }
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 25]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
The fields of type PBEParameter have the following meanings:
- salt specifies the salt value, an eight-octet string.
- iterationCount specifies the iteration count.
A.4. PBES2
The object identifier id-PBES2 identifies the PBES2 encryption scheme
(Section 6.2).
id-PBES2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 13}
The parameters field associated with this OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type PBES2-params:
PBES2-params ::= SEQUENCE {
keyDerivationFunc AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBES2-KDFs}},
encryptionScheme AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBES2-Encs}} }
The fields of type PBES2-params have the following meanings:
- keyDerivationFunc identifies the underlying key derivation
function. It shall be an algorithm ID with an OID in the set
PBES2-KDFs, which for this version of PKCS #5 shall consist of
id-PBKDF2 (Appendix A.2).
PBES2-KDFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::=
{ {PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2}, ... }
- encryptionScheme identifies the underlying encryption scheme.
It shall be an algorithm ID with an OID in the set PBES2-Encs,
whose definition is left to the application. Examples of
underlying encryption schemes are given in Appendix B.2.
PBES2-Encs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }
A.5. PBMAC1
The object identifier id-PBMAC1 identifies the PBMAC1 message
authentication scheme (Section 7.1).
id-PBMAC1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 14}
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 26]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
The parameters field associated with this OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type PBMAC1-params:
PBMAC1-params ::= SEQUENCE {
keyDerivationFunc AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBMAC1-KDFs}},
messageAuthScheme AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBMAC1-MACs}} }
The keyDerivationFunc field has the same meaning as the corresponding
field of PBES2-params (Appendix A.4) except that the set of OIDs is
PBMAC1-KDFs.
PBMAC1-KDFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::=
{ {PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2}, ... }
The messageAuthScheme field identifies the underlying message
authentication scheme. It shall be an algorithm ID with an OID in
the set PBMAC1-MACs, whose definition is left to the application.
Examples of underlying encryption schemes are given in Appendix B.3.
PBMAC1-MACs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }
Appendix B. Supporting Techniques
This section gives several examples of underlying functions and
schemes supporting the password-based schemes in Sections 5, 6, and
7.
While these supporting techniques are appropriate for applications to
implement, none of them is required to be implemented. It is
expected, however, that profiles for PKCS #5 will be developed that
specify particular supporting techniques.
This section also gives object identifiers for the supporting
techniques. The object identifiers digestAlgorithm and
encryptionAlgorithm identify the arcs from which certain algorithm
OIDs referenced in this section are derived:
digestAlgorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 2} encryptionAlgorithm
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 3}
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 27]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
B.1. Pseudorandom Functions
Examples of pseudorandom function for PBKDF2 (Section 5.2) include
HMAC with SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, and
SHA-512/256. Applications may employ other schemes as well.
B.1.1. HMAC-SHA-1
HMAC-SHA-1 is the pseudorandom function corresponding to the HMAC
message authentication code [RFC2104] based on the SHA-1 hash
function [NIST180]. The pseudorandom function is the same function
by which the message authentication code is computed, with a full-
length output. (The first argument to the pseudorandom function PRF
serves as HMAC's "key", and the second serves as HMAC's "text". In
the case of PBKDF2, the "key" is thus the password and the "text" is
the salt.) HMAC-SHA-1 has a variable key length and a 20-octet
(160-bit) output value.
Although the length of the key to HMAC-SHA-1 is essentially
unbounded, the effective search space for pseudorandom function
outputs may be limited by the structure of the function. In
particular, when the key is longer than 512 bits, HMAC-SHA-1 will
first hash it to 160 bits. Thus, even if a long derived key
consisting of several pseudorandom function outputs is produced from
a key, the effective search space for the derived key will be at most
160 bits. Although the specific limitation for other key sizes
depends on details of the HMAC construction, one should assume, to be
conservative, that the effective search space is limited to 160 bits
for other key sizes as well.
(The 160-bit limitation should not generally pose a practical
limitation in the case of password-based cryptography, since the
search space for a password is unlikely to be greater than 160 bits.)
The object identifier id-hmacWithSHA1 identifies the HMAC-SHA-1
pseudorandom function:
id-hmacWithSHA1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 7}
The parameters field associated with this OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type NULL. This object identifier is
employed in the object set PBKDF2-PRFs (Appendix A.2).
Note: Although HMAC-SHA-1 was designed as a message authentication
code, its proof of security is readily modified to accommodate
requirements for a pseudorandom function, under stronger assumptions.
A hash function may also meet the requirements of a pseudorandom
function under certain assumptions. For instance, the direct
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 28]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
application of a hash function to the concatenation of the "key" and
the "text" may be appropriate, provided that "text" has appropriate
structure to prevent certain attacks. HMAC-SHA-1 is preferable,
however, because it treats "key" and "text" as separate arguments and
does not require "text" to have any structure.
During 2004 and 2005, there were a number of attacks on SHA-1 that
reduced its perceived effective strength against collision attacks to
62 bits instead of the expected 80 bits (e.g., Wang et al. [WANG],
confirmed by M. Cochran [COCHRAN]). However, since these attacks
centered on finding collisions between values, they are not a direct
security consideration here because the collision-resistant property
is not required by the HMAC authentication scheme.
B.1.2. HMAC-SHA-2
HMAC-SHA-2 refers to the set of pseudorandom functions corresponding
to the HMAC message authentication code (now a FIPS standard
[NIST198]) based on the new SHA-2 functions (FIPS 180-4 [NIST180]).
HMAC-SHA-2 has a variable key length and variable output value
depending on the hash function chosen (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384,
SHA-512, SHA-512/224, or SHA-512/256) -- that is, 28, 32, 48, or 64
octets.
Using the new hash functions extends the search space for the
produced keys. Where SHA-1 limits the search space to 20 octets,
SHA-2 sets new limits of 28, 32, 48, and 64 octets.
Object identifiers for HMAC are defined as follows:
id-hmacWithSHA224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 8}
id-hmacWithSHA256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 9}
id-hmacWithSHA384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 10}
id-hmacWithSHA512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 11}
id-hmacWithSHA512-224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 12}
id-hmacWithSHA512-256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 13}
B.2. Encryption Schemes
An example encryption scheme for PBES2 (Section 6.2) is AES-CBC-Pad.
The schemes defined in PKCS #5 v2.0 [RFC2898], DES-CBC-Pad,
DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad, RC2-CBC-Pad, and RC5-CBC-Pad, are still supported,
but DES-CBC-Pad, DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad, RC2-CBC-Pad are now considered
legacy and should only be used for backwards compatibility reasons.
The object identifiers given in this section are intended to be
employed in the object set PBES2-Encs (Appendix A.4).
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 29]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
B.2.1. DES-CBC-Pad
DES-CBC-Pad is single-key DES [NIST46] in CBC mode [NIST81] with the
padding operation specified in RFC 1423 [RFC1423] (see Section 6.1.1
of this document). DES-CBC-Pad has an eight-octet encryption key and
an eight-octet initialization vector. The key is considered as a
64-bit encoding of a 56-bit DES key with parity bits ignored.
The object identifier desCBC (defined in the NIST/OSI Implementors'
Workshop agreements) identifies the DES-CBC-Pad encryption scheme:
desCBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{iso(1) identified-organization(3) oiw(14) secsig(3)
algorithms(2) 7}
The parameters field associated with this OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
specifying the initialization vector for CBC mode.
B.2.2. DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad
DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad is three-key triple-DES in CBC mode [ANSIX952] with
the padding operation specified in RFC 1423 [RFC1423].
DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad has a 24-octet encryption key and an eight-octet
initialization vector. The key is considered as the concatenation of
three eight-octet keys, each of which is a 64-bit encoding of a
56-bit DES key with parity bits ignored.
The object identifier des-EDE3-CBC identifies the DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad
encryption scheme:
des-EDE3-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 7}
The parameters field associated with this OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
specifying the initialization vector for CBC mode.
Note: An OID for DES-EDE3-CBC without padding is given in ANSI X9.52
[ANSIX952]; the one given here is preferred since it specifies
padding.
B.2.3. RC2-CBC-Pad
RC2-CBC-Pad is the RC2 encryption algorithm [RFC2268] in CBC mode
with the padding operation specified in RFC 1423 [RFC1423].
RC2-CBC-Pad has a variable key length, from one to 128 octets, a
separate "effective key bits" parameter from one to 1024 bits that
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 30]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
limits the effective search space independent of the key length, and
an eight-octet initialization vector.
The object identifier rc2CBC identifies the RC2-CBC-Pad encryption
scheme:
rc2CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 2}
The parameters field associated with OID in an AlgorithmIdentifier
shall have type RC2-CBC-Parameter:
RC2-CBC-Parameter ::= SEQUENCE {
rc2ParameterVersion INTEGER OPTIONAL,
iv OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)) }
The fields of type RC2-CBCParameter have the following meanings:
- rc2ParameterVersion is a proprietary RSA Security Inc. encoding
of the "effective key bits" for RC2. The following encodings
are defined:
Effective Key Bits Encoding
40 160
64 120
128 58
b >= 256 b
If the rc2ParameterVersion field is omitted, the "effective key bits"
defaults to 32. (This is for backward compatibility with certain
very old implementations.)
- iv is the eight-octet initialization vector.
B.2.4. RC5-CBC-Pad
RC5-CBC-Pad is the RC5 encryption algorithm [RC5] in CBC mode with
the padding operation specified in RFC 5652 [RFC5652], which is a
generalization of the padding operation specified in RFC 1423
[RFC1423]. The scheme is fully specified in [RFC2040]. RC5-CBC-Pad
has a variable key length, from 0 to 256 octets, and supports both a
64-bit block size and a 128-bit block size. For the former, it has
an eight-octet initialization vector, and for the latter, a 16-octet
initialization vector. RC5-CBC-Pad also has a variable number of
"rounds" in the encryption operation, from 8 to 127.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 31]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Note: For RC5 with a 64-bit block size, the padding string is as
defined in RFC 1423 [RFC1423]. For RC5 with a 128-bit block size,
the padding string consists of 16-(||M|| mod 16) octets each with
value 16-(||M|| mod 16).
The object identifier rc5-CBC-PAD [RFC2040] identifies the
RC5-CBC-Pad encryption scheme:
rc5-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 9}
The parameters field associated with this OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type RC5-CBC-Parameters:
RC5-CBC-Parameters ::= SEQUENCE {
version INTEGER {v1-0(16)} (v1-0),
rounds INTEGER (8..127),
blockSizeInBits INTEGER (64 | 128),
iv OCTET STRING OPTIONAL }
The fields of type RC5-CBC-Parameters have the following meanings:
- version is the version of the algorithm, which shall be v1-0.
- rounds is the number of rounds in the encryption operation,
which shall be between 8 and 127.
- blockSizeInBits is the block size in bits, which shall be 64 or
128.
- iv is the initialization vector, an eight-octet string for
64-bit RC5 and a 16-octet string for 128-bit RC5. The default
is a string of the appropriate length consisting of zero
octets.
B.2.5. AES-CBC-Pad
AES-CBC-Pad is the AES encryption algorithm [NIST197] in CBC mode
with the padding operation specified in RFC 5652 [RFC5652].
AES-CBC-Pad has a variable key length of 16, 24, or 32 octets and has
a 16-octet block size. It has a 16-octet initialization vector.
Note: For AES, the padding string consists of 16-(||M|| mod 16)
octets each with value 16-(||M|| mod 16).
For AES, object identifiers are defined depending on key size and
operation mode. For example, the 16-octet (128-bit) key AES
encryption scheme in CBC mode would be aes128-CBC-Pad identifying the
AES-CBC-PAD encryption scheme using a 16-octet key:
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 32]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
aes128-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {aes 2}
The AES object identifier is defined in Appendix C.
The parameters field associated with this OID in an
AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)),
specifying the initialization vector for CBC mode.
B.3. Message Authentication Schemes
An example message authentication scheme for PBMAC1 (Section 7.1) is
HMAC-SHA-1.
B.3.1. HMAC-SHA-1
HMAC-SHA-1 is the HMAC message authentication scheme [RFC2104] based
on the SHA-1 hash function [NIST180]. HMAC-SHA-1 has a variable key
length and a 20-octet (160-bit) message authentication code.
The object identifier id-hmacWithSHA1 (see Appendix B.1.1) identifies
the HMAC-SHA-1 message authentication scheme. (The object identifier
is the same for both the pseudorandom function and the message
authentication scheme; the distinction is to be understood by
context.) This object identifier is intended to be employed in the
object set PBMAC1-Macs (Appendix A.5).
B.3.2. HMAC-SHA-2
HMAC-SHA-2 refers to the set of HMAC message authentication schemes
[NIST198] based on the SHA-2 functions [NIST180]. HMAC-SHA-2 has a
variable key length and a message authentication code whose length is
based on the hash function chosen (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384,
SHA-512, SHA-512/224, or SHA-512/256) -- that is, 28, 32, 48, or 64
octets.
The object identifiers id-hmacWithSHA224, id-hmacWithSHA256,
id-hmacWithSHA384, id-hmacWithSHA512, id-hmacWithSHA512-224, and
id-hmacWithSHA512-256 (see Appendix B.1.2) identify the HMAC-SHA-2
schemes. The object identifiers are the same for both the
pseudorandom functions and the message authentication schemes; the
distinction is to be understood by context. These object identifiers
are intended to be employed in the object set PBMAC1-Macs (Appendix
A.5).
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 33]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Appendix C. ASN.1 Module
For reference purposes, the ASN.1 syntax in the preceding sections is
presented as an ASN.1 module here.
-- PKCS #5 v2.1 ASN.1 Module
-- Revised October 27, 2012
-- This module has been checked for conformance with the
-- ASN.1 standard by the OSS ASN.1 Tools
PKCS5v2-1 {
iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-5(5)
modules(16) pkcs5v2-1(2)
}
DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::=
BEGIN
-- ========================
-- Basic object identifiers
-- ========================
nistAlgorithms OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16)
us(840) organization(1)
gov(101) csor(3) 4}
oiw OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) identified-organization(3) 14}
rsadsi OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) 113549}
pkcs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 1}
pkcs-5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs 5}
-- =======================
-- Basic types and classes
-- =======================
AlgorithmIdentifier { ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER:InfoObjectSet } ::=
SEQUENCE {
algorithm ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER.&id({InfoObjectSet}),
parameters ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER.&Type({InfoObjectSet}
{@algorithm}) OPTIONAL
}
ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= TYPE-IDENTIFIER
-- ======
-- PBKDF2
-- ======
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 34]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
PBKDF2Algorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2},
...
}
id-PBKDF2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 12}
algid-hmacWithSHA1 AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-PRFs}} ::=
{algorithm id-hmacWithSHA1, parameters NULL : NULL}
PBKDF2-params ::= SEQUENCE {
salt CHOICE {
specified OCTET STRING,
otherSource AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-SaltSources}}
},
iterationCount INTEGER (1..MAX),
keyLength INTEGER (1..MAX) OPTIONAL,
prf AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-PRFs}} DEFAULT
algid-hmacWithSHA1
}
PBKDF2-SaltSources ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }
PBKDF2-PRFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA1},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA224},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA256},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA384},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512-224},
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512-256},
...
}
-- =====
-- PBES1
-- =====
PBES1Algorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithMD2AndDES-CBC} |
{PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithMD2AndRC2-CBC} |
{PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC} |
{PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithMD5AndRC2-CBC} |
{PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithSHA1AndDES-CBC} |
{PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithSHA1AndRC2-CBC},
...
}
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 35]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
pbeWithMD2AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 1}
pbeWithMD2AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 4}
pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 3}
pbeWithMD5AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 6}
pbeWithSHA1AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 10}
pbeWithSHA1AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 11}
PBEParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
salt OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
iterationCount INTEGER
}
-- =====
-- PBES2
-- =====
PBES2Algorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{PBES2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBES2},
...
}
id-PBES2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 13}
PBES2-params ::= SEQUENCE {
keyDerivationFunc AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBES2-KDFs}},
encryptionScheme AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBES2-Encs}}
}
PBES2-KDFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2},
...
}
PBES2-Encs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }
-- ======
-- PBMAC1
-- ======
PBMAC1Algorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{PBMAC1-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBMAC1},
...
}
id-PBMAC1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 14}
PBMAC1-params ::= SEQUENCE {
keyDerivationFunc AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBMAC1-KDFs}},
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 36]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
messageAuthScheme AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBMAC1-MACs}}
}
PBMAC1-KDFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2},
...
}
PBMAC1-MACs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }
-- =====================
-- Supporting techniques
-- =====================
digestAlgorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 2}
encryptionAlgorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 3}
SupportingAlgorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
{NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA1} |
{OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)) IDENTIFIED BY desCBC} |
{OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)) IDENTIFIED BY des-EDE3-CBC} |
{RC2-CBC-Parameter IDENTIFIED BY rc2CBC} |
{RC5-CBC-Parameters IDENTIFIED BY rc5-CBC-PAD}, |
{OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)) IDENTIFIED BY aes128-CBC-PAD} |
{OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)) IDENTIFIED BY aes192-CBC-PAD} |
{OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)) IDENTIFIED BY aes256-CBC-PAD},
...
}
id-hmacWithSHA1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 7}
id-hmacWithSHA224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 8}
id-hmacWithSHA256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 9}
id-hmacWithSHA384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 10}
id-hmacWithSHA512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 11}
id-hmacWithSHA512-224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 12}
id-hmacWithSHA512-256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 13}
desCBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {oiw secsig(3) algorithms(2) 7}
des-EDE3-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 7}
rc2CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 2}
RC2-CBC-Parameter ::= SEQUENCE {
rc2ParameterVersion INTEGER OPTIONAL,
iv OCTET STRING (SIZE(8))
}
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 37]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
rc5-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 9}
RC5-CBC-Parameters ::= SEQUENCE {
version INTEGER {v1-0(16)} (v1-0),
rounds INTEGER (8..127),
blockSizeInBits INTEGER (64 | 128),
iv OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
}
aes OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { nistAlgorithms 1 }
aes128-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 2 }
aes192-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 22 }
aes256-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 42 }
END
Appendix D. Revision History of PKCS #5
Versions 1.0 - 1.3
Versions 1.0 - 1.3 were distributed to participants in RSA Data
Security Inc.'s Public-Key Cryptography Standards meetings in
February and March 1991.
Version 1.4
Version 1.4 was part of the June 3, 1991 initial public release of
PKCS. Version 1.4 was published as NIST/OSI Implementors'
Workshop document SEC-SIG-91-20.
Version 1.5
Version 1.5 incorporated several editorial changes, including
updates to the references and the addition of a revision history.
Version 2.0
Version 2.0 incorporates major editorial changes in terms of the
document structure, and introduces the PBES2 encryption scheme,
the PBMAC1 message authentication scheme, and independent
password-based key derivation functions. This version continues
to support the encryption process in version 1.5.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 38]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Version 2.1
This document transfers PKCS #5 into the IETF and includes some
minor changes from the authors for this submission.
o Introduces AES/CBC as an encryption scheme for PBES2 and HMAC
with the hash functions SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512,
SHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256 as pseudorandom functions for
PBKDF2 and message authentication schemes for PBMAC1.
o Changes references for PKCS #5 to RFC 2898 and for PKCS #8 to
RFCs 5208 and 5898.
o Incorporates corrections of two editorial errata reported on
PKCS #5 [RFC2898].
o Added security considerations for MD2, MD5, and SHA-1.
Appendix E. About PKCS
The Public-Key Cryptography Standards are specifications produced by
RSA Laboratories in cooperation with secure systems developers
worldwide for the purpose of accelerating the deployment of public-
key cryptography. First published in 1991 as a result of meetings
with a small group of early adopters of public-key technology, the
PKCS documents have become widely referenced and implemented.
Contributions from the PKCS series have become part of many formal
and de facto standards, including ANSI X9 documents, PKIX, Secure
Electronic Transaction (SET), S/MIME, and SSL.
Further development of most PKCS documents occurs through the IETF.
Suggestions for improvement are welcome.
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 39]
RFC 8018 PKCS #5 v2.1 January 2017
Acknowledgements
This document is based on a contribution of RSA Laboratories, the
research center of RSA Security Inc.
RC2 and RC5 are trademarks of EMC Corporation.
Authors' Addresses
Kathleen M. Moriarty (editor)
Dell EMC
176 South Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748
United States of America
Email: Kathleen.Moriarty@Dell.com
Burt Kaliski
Verisign
12061 Bluemont Way
Reston, VA 20190
United States of America
Email: bkaliski@verisign.com
URI: http://verisignlabs.com
Andreas Rusch
RSA
345 Queen Street
Brisbane, QLD 4000
Australia
Email: andreas.rusch@rsa.com
Moriarty, et al. Informational [Page 40]